Last updated March 28, 2025

In this guide, we walk you through the process of migrating your Postgres database from Linode Managed PostgreSQL to Heroku Postgres. This guide uses Linode Object Storage to store the database dump file. Before starting the migration, make sure you completed the steps from Preparing Your Migration to Heroku Postgres.

Get Your Database Size

In most cases, the dump and restore strategy for migration is suitable if your database size is less than 100 GB. With a Linode Postgres database, the easiest way to determine your database size is to query the database directly with the psql client. You can find the Postgres credentials for your database on the database Summary page in the Connection Details section.

You can put together these pieces of information to create your Postgres connection string. The connection string for using the psql client uses the format:

postgres://DB_USERNAME:DB_PASSWORD@DB_HOST:DB_PORT/DB_NAME

Our example database is called acme_org_db, so we connect our database to the psql client with:

$ psql postgres://akmadmin:my-password@a232051-akamai-prod-183144-default.g2a.akamaidb.net:10033/acme_org_db

After connecting, you can show the database size with the list databases \l+ command:

$ psql=> \l+

                        List of databases
    Name        | Owner     | Encoding |   Collate   | Size   |
----------------+-----------+----------+-------------+--------+
 acme_org_db    | democoder | UTF8     | en_US.UTF-8 | 63 MB |

The Size column shows our database size is 63 MB.

See Choosing the Right Heroku Postgres Plan for which Heroku Postgres plan fits your database size.

Prepare the Database Dump

Before starting, either set your system to read-only mode, or bring all your dependent services offline and notify end users of the current maintenance status.

Back Up Your Database

Before performing the migration, make sure you have a recent backup of your database on Linode. Linode’s managed database plans include regular backups of your database. Depending on your plan and options, you also have the option of manually triggering a backup.

Dump the Database to a Local File

Using pg_dump, dump your Linode database to a local file:

$ pg_dump postgres://DB_USERNAME:DB_PASSWORD@DB_HOST:DB_PORT/DB_NAME \
    -Fc -b -v \
    -f /tmp/data-for-migration.sql

The time it takes to run this command varies depending on the size of your database. You can keep an eye on the file size of /tmp/data-for-migration.sql to verify that the long process is running.

Upload the File to Linode Object Storage

Heroku can restore a Postgres database from a file that’s accessible via a URL. For this migration from Linode, you can upload your data backup file to Linode Object Storage, then obtain a signed URL for that file.

First, create a bucket. In our example, we named our bucket postgres-for-migration.

For security, make sure to set the access policy for your bucket to Private.

In addition, make sure your bucket uses proper encryption. After creating the bucket, upload the /tmp/data-for-migration.sql file from the Dump the Database to a Local File step.

Perform the Restore Migration

Create a Heroku app

Use the Heroku CLI to log into your Heroku account.

$ heroku login

Next, create a Heroku app and provide a name for it, such as postgres-migration-from-linode.

$ heroku apps:create psql-migration-from-linode
Creating ⬢ psql-migration-from-linode... done

Create the Heroku Postgres Add-on

After creating your Heroku app, add the Heroku Postgres add-on with an appropriate plan. Based on the database information from Get Your Database Size, we use the Essential-1 Postgres plan.

$ heroku addons:create \
    --app psql-migration-from-linode \
    heroku-postgresql:essential-1
Creating heroku-postgresql:essential-1 on ⬢ psql-migration-from-linode... ~$0.013/hour (max $9/month)
Database should be available soon
postgresql-elusive-11582 is being created in the background. The app will restart when complete...
Use heroku addons:info postgresql-elusive-11582 to check creation progress
Use heroku addons:docs heroku-postgresql to view documentation

Heroku begins provisioning a Postgres database for your Heroku app, providing a unique name. Within a few minutes, you can run the following command with the database name to see the created database.

$ heroku addons:info postgresql-elusive-11582
=== postgresql-elusive-11582

Attachments:  psql-migration-from-linode::DATABASE
Installed at: Mon Sep 30 2024 16:00:00 GMT-0700 (Mountain Standard Time)
Max Price:    $9/month
Owning app:   psql-migration-from-linode
Plan:         heroku-postgresql:essential-1
Price:        ~$0.013/hour
State:        created

Install Necessary Extensions for Heroku Postgres

Before migrating data, install any extensions you had in your Linode database instance.

First, to see what extensions are already installed on your Heroku Postgres instance, connect to your Heroku Postgres instance with pg:psql:

$ heroku pg:psql --app psql-migration-from-linode
--> Connecting to postgresql-elusive-11582
psql (16.4 (Ubuntu 16.4-1.pgdg20.04+1), server 16.2)
SSL connection (protocol: TLSv1.3, cipher: TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, compression: off)
Type "help" for help.

psql=> \dx
                     List of installed extensions
        Name        | Version |   Schema   |          Description
--------------------+---------+------------+-------------------------------
 pg_stat_statements | 1.10    | public     | track planning and executio...
 plpgsql            | 1.0     | pg_catalog | PL/pgSQL procedural language
(2 rows)

Install any extensions you had at Linode that aren’t already in Heroku Postgres. From our example, we need the tablefunc and uuid-ossp extensions.

$ psql=> CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS tablefunc;
CREATE EXTENSION
psql=> CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";
CREATE EXTENSION

psql=> \dx
                     List of installed extensions
        Name        | Version |   Schema   |          Description
--------------------+---------+------------+-------------------------------
 pg_stat_statements | 1.10    | public     | track planning and execution…
 plpgsql            | 1.0     | pg_catalog | PL/pgSQL procedural language
 tablefunc          | 1.0     | public     | functions that manipulate…
 uuid-ossp          | 1.1     | public     | generate universally unique…

(4 rows)

See Extensions, PostGIS, and Full Text Search Dictionaries on Heroku Postgres for supported extensions and how to install them.

Get the Signed URL For the File in Linode Object Storage

Next, restore all the data from your pg_dump backup to your new Heroku Postgres database. For this, you need a URL that points to your backup file. With the Linode CLI, you can generate a signed URL for any resource in Linode Object Storage.

First, run linode-cli configure to authenticate and set up your local machine’s connection with your Linode account. Then, run the obj signurl operation:

$ linode-cli obj signurl \
    postgres-for-migration \
    data-for-migration.sql \
    +300

The arguments for this operation are the bucket containing the object postgres-for-migration, the object name data-for-migration.sql, and the expiration time of the signed URL in seconds. For our command, we set a reasonable expiration time of 300 seconds, or five minutes.

This command also opens a dialog where you can set the expiration time of the generated share link. Choose a reasonable expiration time, then click on the icon at the bottom of the dialog to copy the share URL.

In our example, the signed URL for our database dump file is:

https://us-east-1.linodeobjects.com/postgres-for-migration/data-for-migration-sql?AWSAccessKeyId=NW2B8J3W7BGY7YQWBF4W&Signature=6wk3MJaQageHnDEauBPsIUMNyEE%3D&Expires=1727721969

Restore on Heroku

Now that you have the presigned URL, use the Heroku pg:backups:restore command to restore your Heroku Postgres database from your file in Linode Object Storage. The command looks like:

$ heroku pg:backups:restore 'LINODE-SIGNED-URL-IN-QUOTES' \
    --app psql-migration-from-linode \
    --confirm psql-migration-from-linode

Use Ctrl-C at any time to stop monitoring progress; the backup will continue restoring.
Use heroku pg:backups to check progress.
Stop a running restore with heroku pg:backups:cancel.

Starting restore of [LINODE-SIGNED-URL] to postgresql-elusive-11582... done
Restoring... done

Keep in mind with this command:

• When you paste in your Linode-signed URL, make sure to contain it within quotes.
• Provide the --app argument to tell Heroku which application and corresponding database you want to operate on.
• This command is destructive, requiring you to confirm it. If you don’t provide the --confirm argument, you’re asked to confirm the action before continuing.

Migrate Any Custom Settings

Just as you saved your Linode database configurations to a file called /tmp/settings_postgres.csv, you can do the same for your Heroku Postgres configuration with the command:

$ heroku pg:psql --app psql-migration-from-linode \
    -c "\copy (select * from pg_settings) to '/tmp/settings_heroku.csv' with (format csv, header true);"

Compare your Heroku Postgres settings with your Linode database settings. Find any configurations from your Linode setup and reapply them to your Heroku Postgres instance.

Testing and Verifying a Successful Migration

We recommend testing to verify that data has migrated over successfully. Testing can include:

• Comparing table counts between the two databases.
• Comparing row counts for every table between the two databases.
• Comparing query results between the two databases.
• Running various acceptance tests on your new database, validating proper behavior and performance.

Connecting Existing Applications and Services

After verifying that the database migration was successful, point your existing applications and services to the new database.

Get Heroku Postgres Credentials

When you create the Heroku Postgres add-on, Heroku automatically configures a new environment variable called DATABASE_URL, which contains the credentials and connection information for your new database. Run the heroku config:get command to fetch the variable:

$ heroku config:get DATABASE_URL --app psql-migration-from-linode

postgres://ue1eskibf1ind1:p4419f541f3383454eb1e4f2545ed7b7a42634e818a0c77de41f344435ca6812a@cenqjqs4iipva2.cluster-czrs8kj4isg7.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:5432/d9kk4avcoh8j38

You can also find your credentials with the heroku:pg:credentials command.

The Postgres URI follows this format, so that you can parse the individual pieces:

postgres://DB_USERNAME:DB_PASSWORD@DB_HOST:DB_PORT/DB_NAME

Update Dependent Systems and Test

Update your existing systems to point to Heroku Postgres with this information. Test each system to make sure the connection is successful.

Wrap-up

Now that your applications and services are pointing to Heroku Postgres and running as expected, you can close the maintenance window and restore full availability to your end users.

When you’re confident that the migration is successful and you no longer need your Linode database, you can delete it completely.

With your migration complete, you can now enjoy the flexibility and low-cost convenience of Heroku Postgres. See our Heroku Postgres documentation for more information on using your database.